Vaccines and Integrated Prevention in Aquaculture (Part 2)

This review systematizes vaccine platforms and delivery routes used in aquaculture and presents a practical integrated prevention model combining vaccination, probiotics, biosecurity, and diagnostics. The strongest preventive effect emerges from integrating pathogen-specific immunization with microbiota-oriented interventions tailored to the production system.

M. Manoyan; A. N. Ivanova; A. Panin; A. V. Ivanov· Agrarian science· 2026· DOI 10.32634/0869-8155-2026-410-09-27-41

The core problem

The second part of this review addresses current approaches to specific immunoprophylaxis and the design of integrated programs for preventing infectious diseases in fish. Building on the foundation of aquaculture health management, the authors focus on how vaccination strategies can be combined with broader biosecurity and microbiota management to achieve sustainable disease control. The review systematically examines the major vaccine platforms used or investigated in aquaculture, including inactivated, live attenuated, subunit, recombinant, DNA, RNA, vector-based, and mucosal vaccines. Bacterial and viral targets are analyzed together with experimental strategies aimed at *Saprolegnia parasitica* and *Aphanomyces invadans*. The authors emphasize that the strongest preventive effect is achieved not by opposing vaccines and probiotics, but by integrating pathogen-specific immunization with microbiota-oriented and technology-based interventions tailored to the production system.

The review employs a systematic approach to categorize and evaluate vaccine platforms and integrated prevention strategies. The authors analyze injection, immersion, and oral delivery routes, discussing their respective advantages and limitations in aquaculture settings. Adjuvants, nanoparticles, and biological antigen-delivery systems are examined as critical components of vaccine efficacy. Particular attention is given to probiotics as immunological and technological partners of vaccination, including pre-vaccination conditioning, post-vaccination support, probiotic microorganisms as antigen carriers, and combined seasonal prevention schemes. Safety requirements, regulatory considerations, and evidence-based assessment are reviewed to provide a comprehensive framework. The methodology synthesizes findings from multiple studies to present a practical model of integrated prevention that combines risk audit, diagnostics, biosecurity, vaccination, microbiota management, nutrition, and outcome monitoring.

Introduction

The second part of this review addresses current approaches to specific immunoprophylaxis and the design of integrated programs for preventing infectious diseases in fish. Building on the foundation of aquaculture health management, the authors focus on how vaccination strategies can be combined with broader biosecurity and microbiota management to achieve sustainable disease control. The review systematically examines the major vaccine platforms used or investigated in aquaculture, including inactivated, live attenuated, subunit, recombinant, DNA, RNA, vector-based, and mucosal vaccines. Bacterial and viral targets are analyzed together with experimental strategies aimed at *Saprolegnia parasitica* and *Aphanomyces invadans*. The authors emphasize that the strongest preventive effect is achieved not by opposing vaccines and probiotics, but by integrating pathogen-specific immunization with microbiota-oriented and technology-based interventions tailored to the production system.

The authors argue that the dichotomy between vaccines and probiotics is counterproductive; instead, integration is key. A practical model of integrated prevention is proposed, encompassing risk audit, diagnostics, biosecurity, vaccination, microbiota management, nutrition, and outcome monitoring. This model is tailored to specific production systems, recognizing that aquaculture environments vary widely. The discussion emphasizes that pathogen-specific immunization must be complemented by microbiota-oriented and technology-based interventions to achieve robust disease prevention. Safety and regulatory considerations are critical for implementation. The review concludes that evidence-based assessment and adaptive management are essential for successful integrated prevention programs. The strongest preventive effect is achieved through a holistic approach that leverages synergies between vaccination and probiotics, rather than viewing them as competing strategies.

Praktisi kesehatan, peneliti klinis, dan pembaca Research Digest.

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