Glycoprotein G-Based Vaccines for Nipah Virus: Epidemiology, Molecular Insights, Benefits, and Limitations

This review examines the epidemiology, molecular structure, and vaccine development efforts targeting glycoprotein G of Nipah virus, highlighting promising preclinical results and persistent challenges such as immune evasion and limited clinical trials.

Murzaeva Mariia; Imad Ghanem Qasim; S. H. Ismael; Zahaa Aldeen Jamal; Abdalfattah Sharad; H. Najmuldeen; Nurila Aryntayeva· Trends in Immunotherapy· 2025· DOI 10.54963/ti.v9i4.1011

The core problem

Nipah virus (NiV) is a highly virulent zoonotic pathogen associated with significant mortality rates and limited treatment options, posing a significant public health threat. This review explores the epidemiology, molecular structure, and vaccine development efforts targeting glycoprotein G, a critical component of the virus's entry mechanism. Advances in structural biology and immunogenetics have highlighted the potential of glycoprotein G-based vaccines in preventing NiV infections. Despite promising preclinical results, challenges such as immune evasion, safety concerns, and limited clinical trials persist.

Innovation

The authors conducted a comprehensive review of the literature on Nipah virus epidemiology, molecular biology, and vaccine development, with a focus on glycoprotein G-based vaccine candidates. The review synthesizes findings from structural biology, immunogenetics, and preclinical studies to assess the potential and limitations of these vaccines.

Introduction

Nipah virus (NiV) is a highly virulent zoonotic pathogen associated with significant mortality rates and limited treatment options, posing a significant public health threat. This review explores the epidemiology, molecular structure, and vaccine development efforts targeting glycoprotein G, a critical component of the virus's entry mechanism. Advances in structural biology and immunogenetics have highlighted the potential of glycoprotein G-based vaccines in preventing NiV infections. Despite promising preclinical results, challenges such as immune evasion, safety concerns, and limited clinical trials persist.

Why it matters

The review examines the benefits of glycoprotein G-based vaccines in enhancing immune responses and preventing viral entry, as well as the limitations posed by genetic diversity and cross-reactivity. It highlights the critical need for ongoing research to overcome existing challenges and guide future vaccine development efforts against NiV. It further underscores the necessity of innovative approaches in vaccine design to reduce the global burden of NiV infections. Overcoming challenges such as cross-reactivity and safety concerns will require continued innovation and collaboration.

Who should read this

Praktisi kesehatan, peneliti klinis, dan pembaca Research Digest.

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